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Long, Alison, and McManus (2012) found that the quantity of indecent images of children discriminated dual and noncontact offenders, with the latter having significanlty more images, opposite of some past research.

These authors noted that what appears to be critical in discriminating dual and noncontact sex offenders is where an individual's particular sexual interest lies. Offenders have varying "anchor points" or prominent interests.

Dual offenders were more likely to have access to children, highlighting the importance of access as a situational enabler to offending. They were also more likely to groom offline, a similar finding a past research, in addition to more likely to produce indecent images of children. These authors concluded that dual offenders are more opportunistic and predatory.

Long, Alison, and McManus also informed that the longer (in years) both dual and noncontact offenders downloaded indecent images of children, leads to satiation and habituations, increasing the need for more severe material to reach arousal.